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Bangga Pacitan - Pacitan Tourism and Culture Official Website
KOPI LONDO GUBUKAN: Mengambil Keuntungan Di Atas Penderitaan Rakyat Pacitan
Kulturstelsel atau tanam paksa adalah kebijakan sistem tanam paksa yang terjadi pada masa pemerintahan kolonial Belanda di bawah Gubernur Jenderal Van den Bosch pada tahun 1830. Secara garis besar, kulturstelsel dilakukan dengan cara memaksa para petani untuk memberikan tanah mereka dan menanam tanaman ekspor yang laku di pasar internasional.
Sistem tanam paksa ini membawa keuntungan besar bagi pihak Belanda. Sebaliknya bagi petani di Jawa, sistem ini membuat masyarakat menderita. Waktu dan energi masyarakat terkuras untuk mengurus tanah milik pemerintah kolonial.
Tanam Paksa di Pacitan Pacitan tidak luput dari sistem tanam paksa ini. Bahkan, kulturstelsel di Afdeling Pacitan dapat dikatakan berhasil khususnya pada penanaman kopi. Tanaman ini dibudidayakan secara paksa sejak 1819.
Dipilihnya Pacitan untuk penanaman kopi bukan tanpa alasan. Pacitan yang kala itu di bawah kekuasaan Gubernur Raffles dipopulerkan sebagai alternatif pelabuhan untuk jalur perdagangan bebas di selatan pulau Jawa. Selain itu kondisi daerah Pacitan yang berupa pegunungan dengan ketinggian mencapai 1.000 meter, dan suhu udara 15o – 32o C maka cocok untuk ditanami kopi.
Potret Pekerja Jawa di Perkebunan Kopi Belanda (KITLV)
Berdasarkan kondisi luas tanah yang tidak seimbang dengan jumlah penduduk, mengakibatkan seluruh penduduk berhak membuka dan memiliki tanah kosong selama 8 – 10 tahun. Tanah tersebut dijadikan tanah komunal atau tanah milik bersama yang tidak boleh diperjualbelikan karena hanya digunakan untuk penanaman kopi.
Keadaan Tanaman Kopi Gubernemen di Afdeling Pacitan Kulturstelsel kopi di Afdeling Pacitan secara keseluruhan dilaksanakan pada tahun 1855-1864.
Penghapusan Tanam Paksa Sistem tanam paksa mendapatkan banyak kecaman, salah satu tokoh yang mengecam adalah Douwes Dekker. Ia menulis buku berjudul Max Havelaar yang berisi tentang tuntutan kepada pemerintah kolonial untuk lebih memperhatikan rakyat Hindia Belanda.
Secara resmi Sistem Tanam Paksa dihapus pada tahun 1870 dan diganti dengan Sistem Ekonomi Liberal. Akan tetapi, sisa-sisa penanaman paksa masih berlaku untuk tanaman kopi hingga 1917, menyebabkan pemerintah kolonial masih memperoleh keuntungan yang sangat tinggi.
Kopi Londo Gubukan Baru-baru ini ratusan hektar kebun kopi berjenis Liberika peninggalan Belanda ditemukan di Kecamatan Nawangan, Kabupaten Pacitan. Tepatnya di Lingkungan Gubukan, Desa Tokawi yang tersebar di sejumlah titik lokasi.
Penemuan kebun kopi tersebut berawal dari penelusuran yang dilakukan oleh penggiat kopi asal Nawangan yang penasaran dengan cerita-cerita yang beredar berkenaan dengan keberadaan perkebunan kopi Belanda.
Menurut saksi sejarah, produksi kopi di daerah Gubukan pada masa itu sempat sangat populer dan lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “Kopi Londo Gubukan”. Pangsa pasarnya pun tidak main-main, kopi Liberika petikan daerah Gubukan penjualannya tembus ke berbagai daerah. Meskipun hanya dipanen dan diolah secara manual oleh pekerja pribumi pada waktu itu.
Namun pada masa kependudukan Jepang, kebun kopi tersebut mengalami kehancuran. Pihak Jepang mengganti kebun kopi dengan tanaman jarak dan ketela untuk keperluan perang.
Seiring berjalannya waktu, pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Soeharto lahan dan kebun tersebut menjadi tanah perdikan bagi petani. Mereka pun mendapat hak tanah masing-masing hingga saat ini.
Referensi Ahmadi, Al. 2023. Ratusan Hektar Kebun Kopi Liberika Peninggalan Belanda Ditemukan di Pacitan. ketik.co.id. 11 November 2023.
ANRI, (1864). Archiven der Cultures. No. 57.
Iswahyudi. (2000). Dampak Kulturstelsel Terhadap Kehidupan Sosial Ekonomi di Daerah Pacitan Pada Abad XIX . Jurnal Iptek dan Humaniora (2): 19-26.
Makfi, Samsudar. (2019). Masa Penjajahan Kolonial. Singkawang: Maraga Borneo Tarigas.
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