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Bangga Pacitan - Pacitan Tourism and Culture Official Website
ZAMAN KALABENDU: Kala Pacitan Menjadi Pusat Penyebaran Wabah Mematikan.
Lokasi yang strategis berada di pesisir selatan Pulau Jawa dan dekat dengan pusat pemerintahan Keraton Yogyakarta membuat Pacitan diminati oleh bangsa kolonial dan imperalis untuk dijadikan pelabuhan dan perkebunan.
Hal ini menjadikan Pacitan sebagai salah satu gerbang awal untuk memasuki Pulau Jawa. Namun dengan padatnya lalu lalang kapal untuk mengangkut komoditas rempah pada waktu itu mempercepat tersebarnya wabah yang mematikan.
Wabah apakah itu? Bagaiamana kisah Pacitan sebagai gerbang awal penyebaran wabah yang mematikan di Pulau Jawa? Simak selengkapnya di BanggaPacitan.
Musim Paceklik Dalam kurun waktu empat tahun 1817 – 1821, kondisi di pedesaan Jawa selatan, dan tengah memburuk. Panen padi yang kurang memuaskan dan krisis dalam industri gula pribumi ikut memberi andil. Pada awal 1821, situasi semakin parah karena gagalnya panen di banyak tempat lantaran kemarau panjang yang tidak biasanya terjadi.
Saat menulis laporan pada bulan April 1821, setelah hampir empat bulan tak turun hujan, seorang petugas pengawas pertanian (opziener) Belanda di Pacitan melaporkan bahwa distriknya “sangat tidak beruntung”. Banyak sawah terbengkalai karena kekurangan air, dan kalaupun sudah ditanami akan cepat kering karena tiupan angin kering dari arah laut.
Kolera Pada Juni 1821, wabah kolera Asia pertama menghantam Pacitan dan memakan banyak korban. Penduduk yang memang sudah dalam kondisi lemah setiap hari ada saja petani harus diangkat dari perkebunan lada dan kopi setelah tewas akibat kelelahan dan demam.
Memasuki bulan November, petugas pengawas menulis tentang “demoralisasi total” di kalangan pekerja pribuminya, banyak di antaranya terancam hidupnya dan hanya bisa mengandalkan akar-akaran dan daun-daunan. Mereka ini kebanyakan tidak memiliki akses pada sawah irigasi.
Pada waktu itu, seluruh warga desa mengungsi ke daerah-daerah yang lokasinya dekat keraton guna menghindari kerja paksa di tanah-tanah pemerintah di pantai selatan. Jumlah penduduk turun hingga hampir 10 persen hanya dalam tempo dua tahun (1819-21).
Ketika datang melanda pada April-Agustus 1821, wabah kolera itu benar-benar seganas sebagaimana yang sudah pernah diramalkan sebelumnya. Di Jawa, wabah menyerang penduduk yang tidak memiliki kekebalan alamiah terhadap penyakit tertentu. Penyakit itu dibawa pada pelaut dari Pulau Pindang dan Melaka menuju Pantai Utara Jawa, hingga menjangkiti hampir seluruh pulau Jawa.
Pada awal Mei, wabah itu menyebar ke sepanjang Pantai Utara dengan serangan yang mematikan terjadi di Batavia, dimana ada 156 orang yang dilaporkan tewas dalam sehari. Tercatat total korbannya mencapai 110.000 orang atau sektiar 7 persen dari seluruh jumlah penduduk.
Zaman Kalabendu Bagi mereka yang beruntung bisa bertahan hidup, ingatan akan masa-masa mengerikan di tahun 1821 itu tetap sangat mengguncang jiwa. Wabah penyakit yang menyeramkan itu barangkali menjadi pertanda keguncangan dalam tatanan alam kosmik Jawa. Dalam kosmologi Jawa, masa ini dikenal sebagai goro-goro atau zaman kalabendu, yang secara tradisional diyakini sebagai pertanda akan datangnya sang Ratu Adil, yang kemunculannya didahului oleh tanda-tanda alam dan berbagai bencana.Referensi
Carey, Peter. (2021). Takdir: Riwayat Pangeran Diponegoro, 1785–1855 . Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.
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